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=====================================================================
INSTOF: exposed object class membership check ("instanceof" operator)
=====================================================================
Background
==========
Object class membership check is done using the ``instanceof`` operator
in Ecmascript code, e.g.::
print(x instanceof Array);
The language semantics of "class membership" are not as clear cut in
Ecmascript as in some other languages. But essentially, the ``instanceof``
expression above checks whether ``Array.prototype`` occurs in the internal
prototype chain of ``x``).
This involves:
* An expression for the left-hand-side
* An expression for the right-hand-side
* ``instanceof`` semantics (E5 Section 11.8.6)
* A call to ``[[HasInstance]]``
First draft
===========
The ``instanceof`` operator is the only "caller" for ``[[HasInstance]]`` and
has the following steps (for evaluating RelationalExpression **instanceof**
ShiftExpression):
1. Let ``lref`` be the result of evaluating RelationalExpression.
2. Let ``lval`` be ``GetValue(lref)``.
3. Let ``rref`` be the result of evaluating ShiftExpression.
4. Let ``rval`` be ``GetValue(rref)``.
5. If ``Type(rval)`` is not ``Object``, throw a ``TypeError`` exception.
6. If ``rval`` does not have a ``[[HasInstance]]`` internal method, throw a
``TypeError`` exception.
7. Return the result of calling the ``[[HasInstance]]`` internal method of
``rval`` with argument ``lval``.
For implementing ``instanceof``, steps 1-4 can be assumed to be handled by
the compiler and map to a certain bytecode sequence. Steps 5-7 are the
relevant part.
The following algorithm integrates steps 5-7 from above with the combined
``[[HasInstance]]`` algorithm (``lval`` is renamed to ``V`` and ``rval``
to ``F``):
1. If ``Type(F)`` is not ``Object``, throw a ``TypeError`` exception.
2. If ``F`` does not have a ``[[HasInstance]]`` internal method, throw a
``TypeError`` exception.
3. While ``F`` is a bound function:
a. Set ``F`` to the value of ``F``\ 's ``[[TargetFunction]]`` internal
property.
b. If ``F`` has no ``[[HasInstance]]`` internal method, throw a
``TypeError`` exception.
(Note: ``F`` can be another bound function, so we loop until we find
the non-bound actual function.)
4. If ``V`` is not an object, return ``false``.
5. Let ``O`` be the result of calling the ``[[Get]]`` internal method of
``F`` with property name ``"prototype"``.
(Note: this is the external prototype, not the internal one.)
6. If ``Type(O)`` is not ``Object``, throw a ``TypeError`` exception.
7. Repeat
a. Let ``V`` be the value of the ``[[Prototype]]`` internal property of
``V``.
b. If ``V`` is ``null``, return ``false``.
c. If ``O`` and ``V`` refer to the same object, return ``true``.
Notes:
* The initial ``rval`` may be something other than a callable function,
so it needs an explicit check, whereas the ``[[TargetFunction]]``
internal property can only exist with a valid callable object value
(E5 Section 15.3.4.5, step 2 checks for this).
* Step 3.b seems to be unnecessary: ``Function.prototype.bind()`` will
not create a bound function whose target function is not callable, so
they should always have a ``[[HasInstance]]`` internal method. If this
is just to add some internal robustness, why not also check that the
target function is an object?
* In step 7 we assume that the internal prototype is always an object or
``null``. If the internal implementation does not constrain this fully,
it makes sense to check this explicitly. The current implementation uses
an ``duk_hobject`` pointer for the internal prototype, so the prototype is
effectively constrained to be either object or ``null``.
* The loop in step 7 assumes that there are no prototype loops. An explicit
sanity check should be inserted.
Cleanup
=======
Steps 1-3 can be combined to a simpler loop with a bit more paranoid checks:
1. Repeat
a. If ``Type(F)`` is not ``Object``, throw a ``TypeError`` exception.
b. If ``F`` does not have a ``[[HasInstance]]`` internal method, throw a
``TypeError`` exception.
c. If ``F`` is a normal (non-bound) function, break repeat loop.
d. If ``F`` is *not* a bound function, throw a ``TypeError`` exception.
(Note: this should never happen, but is nice to check.)
e. Set ``F`` to the value of ``F``\ 's ``[[TargetFunction]]`` internal
property and repeat from a).
(Note: ``F`` may be another bound function when exiting this step,
so we must repeat until the final, non-bound function is found.)
2. If ``V`` is not an object, return ``false``.
3. Let ``O`` be the result of calling the ``[[Get]]`` internal method of
``F`` with property name ``"prototype"``.
(Note: this is the external prototype, not the internal one.)
4. If ``Type(O)`` is not ``Object``, throw a ``TypeError`` exception.
5. Repeat
a. Let ``V`` be the value of the ``[[Prototype]]`` internal property of
``V``.
b. If ``V`` is ``null``, return ``false``.
c. If ``O`` and ``V`` refer to the same object, return ``true``.