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280 lines
9.8 KiB
280 lines
9.8 KiB
\chapter{制作 ubuntu 文件系统}
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在 主机的 Ubuntu 系统里面，可以制作 aarch64 的文件系统，这里介绍一下步骤。
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\section{准备安装环境}
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\subsection{安装依赖软件}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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sudo apt install qemu-user-static debootstrap
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\end{minted}
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\subsection{下载基础系统}
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这里以安装 Ubuntu 22.04 为例：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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mkdir ubuntu
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sudo debootstrap --arch=arm64 --foreign jammy ubuntu
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sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-aarch64-static ubuntu/usr/bin
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sudo chroot ubuntu /usr/bin/qemu-aarch64-static /bin/sh \
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-i /debootstrap/debootstrap --second-stage
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\end{minted}
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Ubuntu 22.04 的代号是 jammy, Ubuntu 20.04 的代号是 focal。如果要做 Ubuntu 20.04 版本的系统，把命令中的 jammy 换成 focal。
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\subsection{切换到安装环境}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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sudo mount -t sysfs sys /sys ubuntu/sys
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sudo mount -t proc proc /proc ubuntu/proc
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sudo mount -o bind /dev ubuntu/dev
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sudo mount -o bind /dev/pts ubuntu/dev/pts
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sudo chroot ubuntu /usr/bin/qemu-aarch64-static /bin/bash -i
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\end{minted}
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\section{构建 rootfs}
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\subsection{更新 apt 源}
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修改 /etc/apt/sources.list 如下：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ jammy main universe
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deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ jammy main universe
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deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ jammy-security main universe
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deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ jammy-security main universe
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deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ jammy-updates main universe
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deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ jammy-updates main universe
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\end{minted}
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\subsection{更新系统}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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apt-get update
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apt-get dist-upgrade
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\end{minted}
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\subsection{安装必要软件}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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apt-get install -y vim-nox build-essential gdb u-boot-tools rsync \
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socat jq tcpdump ifupdown minicom i2c-tools lrzsz tftp-hpa \
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net-tools dosfstools pciutils memtool ethtool unzip python3-pip \
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parted usbutils command-not-found gdisk openssh-server
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apt-get install locales tzdata
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\end{minted}
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\subsection{安装 rockchip 硬解码器}
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添加软件源：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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apt-get install software-properties-common
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add-apt-repository ppa:george-coolpi/multimedia
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apt update
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\end{minted}
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安装 gstreamer ：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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apt-get install libgstreamer1.0-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev \
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libgstreamer-plugins-bad1.0-dev gstreamer1.0-plugins-base \
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gstreamer1.0-plugins-good gstreamer1.0-plugins-bad alsa-utils \
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gstreamer1.0-plugins-ugly gstreamer1.0-libav gstreamer1.0-tools \
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gstreamer1.0-alsa gstreamer1.0-pulseaudio ffmpeg v4l-utils
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\end{minted}
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安装插件gstreamer1.0-rockchip
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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apt-get install gstreamer1.0-rockchip
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\end{minted}
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\subsection{安装图形界面 (可选)}
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\subsubsection{安装 ubuntu 桌面环境}
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执行如下命令：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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apt-get install ubuntu-desktop # 其他可选xubuntu-desktop lubuntu-desktop等
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\end{minted}
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提示选择桌面管理器时，可以选 `gdm`。
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\subsubsection{安装中英文语言包与输入法(可选)}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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# 英文环境
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apt-get install language-pack-en-base
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apt-get install language-pack-gnome-en-base
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# 中文环境
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apt-get install language-pack-zh-hans-base
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apt install language-pack-gnome-zh-hans-base
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# 中文输入法
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apt-get install ibus-table-wubi ibus-pinyin ibus-sunpinyin
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{设置 gdm 自动登录}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{ini}
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vim /etc/gdm3/custom.conf
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# 修改下面的内容，ubuntu即账户名
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[daemon]
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AutomaticLoginEnable=true
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AutomaticLogin=ubuntu
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TimedLoginEnable=true
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TimedLogin=ubuntu
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TimedLoginDelay=10
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{开机默认进图形界面}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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systemctl set-default graphical.target
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\end{minted}
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\subsection{rootfs 设置}
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\subsubsection{设置 root 密码}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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passwd root
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{添加用户}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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useradd -s '/bin/bash' -m -G adm,sudo,video,plugdev,dialout ubuntu
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{设置时区}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{设置 hostname}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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echo sytc > /etc/hostname
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echo "127.0.0.1 sytc" >> /etc/hosts
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{设置bash为默认shell (可选)}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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dpkg-reconfigure dash
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\end{minted}
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选择 ``NO''。
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\subsubsection{配置 locale}
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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dpkg-reconfigure locales
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\end{minted}
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至少选择 en\_US.UTF-8 和 zh\_CN.UTF-8。
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\subsubsection{修改开机检测网络时间}
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修改开机检测网络时间，避免开机卡住:
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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vim /lib/systemd/system/networking.service
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# 将里面的TimeoutStartSec=5min修改为
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TimeoutStartSec=1sec
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{ 配置 fstab }
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配置/etc/fstab 内容如下：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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# <file system> <mount pt> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
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/dev/root / auto rw,noauto 0 1
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tmpfs /tmp tmpfs mode=1777 0 0
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tmpfs /run tmpfs mode=0755,nosuid,nodev 0 0
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#PARTLABEL=oem /oem ext2 defaults 0 2
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PARTLABEL=userdata /userdata ext4 defaults 0 0
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proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
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devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs defaults 0 0
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devpts dev/pts devpts mode=0620,ptmxmode=0666,gid=5 0 0
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tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs nosuid,nodev,noexec 0 0
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sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
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debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs defaults 0 0
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pstore /sys/fs/pstore pstore defaults 0 0
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{串口自动登录}
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修改文件 /usr/lib/systemd/system/serial-getty@.service 的 ExecStart 对应的值：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{ini}
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[Service]
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# The '-o' option value tells agetty to replace 'login' arguments with an
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# option to preserve environment (-p), followed by '--' for safety, and then
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# the entered username.
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ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty --autologin root --noclear %I $TERM
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#ExecStart=-/sbin/agetty -o '-p -- \\u' --keep-baud 115200,38400,9600 %I $TERM
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Type=idle
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\end{minted}
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然后使能调试串口服务：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{ini}
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systemctl enable serial-getty@ttyFIQ0.service
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{ 设置 pulseaudio 音频服务 (可选)}
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添加文件 /etc/systemd/system/pulseaudio.service 内容如下:
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{ini}
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[Unit]
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Description=PulseAudio system server
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# DO NOT ADD ConditionUser=!root
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[Service]
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Type=notify
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ExecStart=pulseaudio --daemonize=no --system --realtime --log-target=journal
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Restart=on-failure
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[Install]
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WantedBy=multi-user.target
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\end{minted}
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然后执行命令：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{ini}
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systemctl --system enable --now pulseaudio.service
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\end{minted}
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添加以下内容到 /etc/pulse/client.conf文件中：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{ini}
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default-server = /var/run/pulse/native
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autospawn = no
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\end{minted}
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将用户添加到 pulse-access组中。
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\subsubsection{设置网卡IP地址}
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设置网络参数/etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{ini}
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auto eth0
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iface eth0 inet static
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address 192.168.1.80
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netmask 255.255.255.0
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gateway 192.168.1.1
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\end{minted}
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修改/etc/network/interfaces \footnote{这个步骤可选，默认的配置应该已经包含这个设置。}，执行命令：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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echo "source-directory /etc/network/interfaces.d" > /etc/network/interfaces
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\end{minted}
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用这里 \ref{sec:fixethx} 的方法将网卡名固定为 ethX 。
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\subsubsection{首次开机扩容脚本}
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下载并安装附件的\openfilelink{resize-disk.pdf}{resize-disk} 脚本。
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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tar xpvf resize-disk.tar.xz -C /
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{配置 ssh server}
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配置允许root登陆并解决登录慢的问题，将/etc/ssh/sshd\_config中的：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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#PermitRootLogin prohibit-password
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GSSAPIAuthentication yes
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\end{minted}
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改为：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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PermitRootLogin yes
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GSSAPIAuthentication no
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\end{minted}
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\subsubsection{清理并退出}
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删除临时文件，卸载文件系统：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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apt-get clean
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exit
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sudo umount ubuntu/dev/pts
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sudo umount ubuntu/dev
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sudo umount ubuntu/sys
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sudo umount ubuntu/proc
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\end{minted}
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\section{打包成 ext4 文件系统}
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执行命令，打包成 ext4 的文件系统文件：
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\begin{minted}[bgcolor=lightgray!30,fontsize=\scriptsize]{bash}
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IMAGE_SIZE_MB=$(( $(sudo du -sh -m ubuntu | cut -f1) + 300 ))
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dd if=/dev/zero of=ubuntu.img bs=1M count=0 seek=${IMAGE_SIZE_MB}
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sudo mkfs.ext4 -d ubuntu ubuntu.img
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\end{minted}
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可以将 ubuntu.img 烧写到 EMMC 的 rootfs 分区上。
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